International Energy Grid Research
International grid operators — generation, demand, carbon intensity, and policy across Canada, Australia, UK, Ireland, Iceland, Germany, and France
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International Grid Research Agent
Gemini 2.0 Flash · Canada · Australia · UK · Ireland · Iceland · Germany · France
Country Comparison
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| Country | Operator(s) | Market Type | Total Gen | Renewable % | Carbon Intensity | Key Fuel | Currency |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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~85% renewable
Provincial ISOs
No national ISO
SRC: IESO · AESO · EIA-930 · Hydro-Québec
~46% renewable
5-min settlement
SA world-leading
SRC: AEMO 5-min · openNEM · EIA-930 WALC
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Clean Power 2030
8 interconnectors
SRC: NESO CI API (CC BY 4.0) · Elexon BMRS
~60% renewable
SNSP tracking
80% RE target 2030
SRC: EirGrid Smart Grid Dashboard · SEMO
100% renewable
Hydro + geothermal
28 gCO₂/kWh
SRC: Orkustofnun · Landsvirkjun · Landsnet
~58% renewable
4 TSOs
80% RE target 2030
SRC: SMARD.de · Energy-Charts (Fraunhofer ISE)
~63% nuclear
~32 gCO₂/kWh
Top EU exporter
SRC: RTE éCO2mix via ODRÉ (Licence Ouverte v2.0)
Coverage MapClick a country to drill in
Renewable
Total Gen
Currency
🇨🇦 Canada — Provincial Grid Operators
No single national ISO. IESO (ON) and AESO (AB) are deregulated wholesale markets; BC Hydro, Hydro-Québec, SaskPower, and Manitoba Hydro are Crown utilities.
Total Generation
—
MW
Renewable %
—
national average
Operators
6
provincial ISOs + Crown
Key Market
IESO/AESO
deregulated wholesale
National Fuel Mix
Coverage
Canada has no single national grid operator. Provinces manage their own electricity systems. National renewable share ~85% — among the highest in the G7, dominated by BC Hydro and Hydro-Québec's massive hydroelectric systems.
Operator
Metric
Fuel Mix — AESO
Renewable Mix Comparison
Forecast Target
⚡ Demand
🔋 Generation
💲 Price
Horizon
Model
Confidence Interval
Model Performance
RMSE—
MAPE—
Coverage—
Forecast
Federal Policy
Clean Electricity Regulations (CER) — Net-zero electricity grid by 2035 (draft). Phaseout of unabated fossil fuels from electricity.
Clean Electricity Investment Tax Credit — 15% ITC for non-emitting generation and storage.
Net-Zero Accelerator — $8B to decarbonize heavy industry and accelerate clean tech.
Smart Renewables & Electrification Pathways — $1.56B for wind, solar, storage, smart grid projects.
Market Notes
IESO (Ontario) — Nodal pricing launched May 2025. ~75% nuclear+hydro. Coal fully retired 2014.
AESO (Alberta) — Canada's only fully deregulated energy-only market. No capacity market. Wind target ~35% by 2030.
Hydro-Québec — World's largest hydro system. Major exporter to NY, NE, Maritime provinces. ~99% renewable.
SaskPower — Coal phase-out by 2030. Bekevar Wind (+200 MW) online 2025.
Data Exports
🇦🇺 Australia — AEMO NEM + WEM
AEMO's NEM is the closest international analog to a US ISO — competitive wholesale market covering QLD, NSW, VIC, SA, TAS. 5-minute settlement since 2021. WA (SWIS) operates separately.
NEM Total Gen
—
MW
NEM Renewable
—
% of generation
WEM Total Gen
—
MW (Western Australia)
WEM Renewable
—
% of WEM generation
NEM Fuel Mix
WEM Fuel Mix
NEM Coverage Note
NEM covers QLD, NSW, VIC, SA, TAS (~9M customers, ~200 TWh/yr). 5-minute settlement since October 2021. Solar+wind now >35% of annual generation. South Australia reached 100%+ renewables on >100 days in 2024. WEM (SWIS) operates separately — ~1.3M customers in SW Western Australia. WEM public live feed discontinued; EIA-930 WALC used.
Market
Metric
NEM Fuel Mix
Regional Prices (AUD/MWh)
Forecast Target
⚡ Demand
🔋 Generation
Horizon
Model
Confidence
RMSE—
MAPE—
Coverage—
Forecast
Capacity Investment Scheme
CIS (2023) — Government underwriting of new clean dispatchable capacity. Replaces proposed Capacity Mechanism.
Rewiring the Nation — $20B+ transmission investment to connect renewable energy zones (REZs) to the grid.
Renewable Energy Target — 82% renewable electricity by 2030 (national target).
SA Battery — Hornsdale Power Reserve (Tesla Big Battery) — world's largest grid-scale battery at commissioning. SA now a global lab for 100%+ renewables operation.
Market Notes
NEM 5-Min Settlement — Implemented Oct 2021. Prices can range from −$1,000 to +$16,600 AUD/MWh (VoLL).
Integrated System Plan (ISP) — AEMO's 20-year roadmap for orderly coal retirement and REZ development.
Coal Retirements — Most coal units retiring 2025–2035. Eraring (NSW, 2.9 GW) extended to 2027.
AEMO WEM Transition — SWIS transitioning from a capacity-based to a hybrid energy + reserve market structure.
Data Exports
🇬🇧 United Kingdom — NESO
National Energy System Operator (est. Oct 2024) — independent from National Grid plc. Rich open data ecosystem: Carbon Intensity API (CC BY 4.0) provides 30-min forecasts 96 hrs ahead for 14 GB regions. Government target: 100% clean power by 2030.
Total Generation
—
MW
Renewable %
—
% of mix
Carbon Intensity
—
gCO₂/kWh · —
Top Fuel
—
highest MW source
Generation Mix
NESO Overview
NESO became independent from National Grid plc in October 2024 — the UK's first independent, whole-system energy operator. Manages electricity and, from 2026, gas networks. Clean Power 2030 mandate: decarbonize the electricity system by the end of 2030.
National Carbon Intensity
NESO API · CC BY 4.0
14 DNO Regions
| Region | gCO₂/kWh | Index |
|---|---|---|
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Metric
Carbon Intensity Over Time
Fuel Mix (MW)
Historic Mix (30 Days)
GB InterconnectorsTotal cross-border capacity
| Name | Country | Capacity (MW) | Status |
|---|
Forecast Target
🌿 Carbon Int.
🔋 Generation
Horizon
Model
Confidence
RMSE—
MAPE—
Coverage—
Forecast
Data Exports
🇮🇪 Ireland — EirGrid / iSEM
EirGrid (ROI) + SONI (NI) operate the all-island Single Electricity Market (iSEM). Ireland tracks SNSP — System Non-Synchronous Penetration — the unique metric for real-time wind/solar share of grid inertia. Current limit: 75%, target 95%.
Demand
—
MW (all-island)
Wind Generation
—
MW · —% of demand
CO₂ Intensity
—
gCO₂/kWh
Renewable %
—
total mix
All-Island Fuel Mix
Annual Stats
Metric
Region
Wind vs Demand
Wind % vs CO₂
SNSP — System Non-Synchronous PenetrationEirGrid target: 95%
What is SNSP?
SNSP measures what percentage of electricity comes from non-synchronous sources (wind, solar, HVDC imports) vs synchronous generators (gas, hydro) that provide natural grid inertia.
Current limit: 75% — EirGrid is the only TSO in the world to have pushed this so high. Target is 95% SNSP via grid-forming inverters and synthetic inertia.
Ireland's wind resource and small grid size make it a global laboratory for high-penetration renewables operation.
Forecast Target
💨 Wind
⚡ Demand
🌿 CO₂
Horizon
Model
Confidence
RMSE—
MAPE—
Coverage—
Forecast
Climate Action Plan 2024
80% Renewable Electricity by 2030 — CAP 2024 flagship target.
9 GW Onshore Wind + 5 GW Offshore Wind by 2030.
8 GW Solar PV by 2030.
Celtic Interconnector — 700 MW to Brittany, France. Under development, expected ~2026.
iSEM — Single Electricity Market operating all-island since October 2018. Covers ROI + Northern Ireland. Regulated by CRU (ROI) and Utility Regulator (NI).
Net Zero by 2050 — Climate Action & Low Carbon Development Act 2021.
EU ETS — Carbon price ~€50–70/tCO₂.
Interconnectors
| Name | Endpoint | Capacity | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| EWIC | Wales (GB) | 500 MW | Live |
| Greenlink | Wales (GB) | 500 MW | Live |
| Moyle | Scotland (NI→GB) | 500 MW | Live |
| Celtic | Brittany (France) | 700 MW | In Development |
Data Exports
🇮🇸 Iceland — Hydro + Geothermal Grid
Loaded from
iceland_data.js: real-time snapshot, fuel mix, installed capacity, geothermal plants, reservoirs, and industrial loads. Demand
—
MW
Renewable %
—
of generation
CO₂ Intensity
—
gCO₂/kWh
Installed Capacity
—
MW
Fuel Mix
Capacity Mix
Generation Mix
Reservoir Fullness
Data Exports
🇩🇪 Germany — Four-TSO Energiewende Grid
Four transmission system operators — 50Hertz, Amprion, TenneT, TransnetBW — regulated by the Bundesnetzagentur. Nuclear exit completed April 2023; target 80% renewable electricity by 2030. Data via SMARD.de open API, loaded from
germany_data.js. Total Generation
—
MW
Renewable %
—
of mix
CO₂ Intensity
—
gCO₂/kWh
Top Fuel
—
highest MW source
Generation Mix
Energiewende Overview
Europe's largest power system has no single national ISO — four private TSOs balance their own control areas under Bundesnetzagentur regulation and EU market coupling. The nuclear exit was completed in April 2023; lignite and hard coal phase out by 2038 (2030 ambition). Wind + solar routinely exceed 60% of instantaneous generation, driving the north–south HVDC buildout (SuedLink, SuedOstLink).
Metric
Fuel Mix
Renewable % by TSO
Forecast Target
⚡ Demand
💨 Wind
☀️ Solar
Horizon
Model
Confidence
RMSE—
MAPE—
Coverage—
Forecast
Energiewende Targets
80% Renewable Electricity by 2030 — EEG 2023 flagship target (~50%+ achieved on annual basis).
115 GW Onshore Wind + 30 GW Offshore Wind by 2030 (70 GW offshore by 2045).
215 GW Solar PV by 2030 — Solarpaket I streamlined permitting.
Klimaschutzgesetz — net greenhouse gas neutrality by 2045, five years ahead of the EU.
EU ETS + national carbon price — BEHG heating/transport carbon levy alongside EU ETS.
Phase-Outs & Grid Buildout
Nuclear Exit Complete — Isar 2, Emsland, and Neckarwestheim 2 shut down 15 April 2023.
Coal Phase-Out by 2038 — Kohleausstiegsgesetz; government ambition to pull forward to 2030 ("ideally").
SuedLink & SuedOstLink — ~4 GW-class HVDC corridors moving North Sea wind to southern load centers, mid-2020s commissioning.
Kraftwerkssicherheitsgesetz — tenders for new H₂-ready gas backup capacity to firm the renewable system.
Bidding Zone Debate — single DE/LU price zone under EU review; potential north/south split.
Data Exports
🇫🇷 France — RTE Nuclear-Hydro Grid
RTE (Réseau de Transport d'Électricité) operates Europe's largest nuclear fleet — 57 reactors across 18 sites — plus major Alpine and Pyrenean hydro. Among the lowest carbon intensities of any large grid. Data via RTE éCO2mix, loaded from
france_data.js. Demand
—
MW
Nuclear Share
—
of generation
CO₂ Intensity
—
gCO₂/kWh
Net Exports
—
MW cross-border
Generation Mix
RTE Overview
RTE is the single national TSO, spun out of EDF under EU unbundling rules. Nuclear typically supplies 60–70% of French electricity, making France Europe's largest net power exporter and one of its lowest-carbon large grids (~20–50 gCO₂/kWh). Flamanville 3 — the first new French reactor since 1999 — connected to the grid in December 2024.
Nuclear Fleet Availability—
—
Seasonal Demand Contextsummer trough ↔ winter peak
~45 GW summer trough~88 GW winter peak
—
Reactors
—
in operation
Fleet Capacity
—
MW
Sites
—
nuclear power plants
Current Output
—
MW nuclear · —
—
Metric
Nuclear vs Demand
Fuel Mix (MW)
Forecast Target
⚛️ Nuclear
⚡ Demand
🌿 CO₂
Horizon
Model
Confidence
RMSE—
MAPE—
Coverage—
Forecast
Energy Policy
EPR2 Program — 6 new EPR2 reactors committed (Penly, Gravelines, Bugey) with an option for 8 more; first concrete targeted late 2020s.
Flamanville 3 EPR — 1,650 MW, grid-connected December 2024; first new reactor since Civaux 2 (1999).
ARENH Ended — regulated nuclear access price expired end-2025, replaced by EDF/state CfD-style framework.
PPE 3 — multi-annual energy program: nuclear life extension to 60 years, ~offshore wind and solar acceleration.
Net Zero 2050 — SNBC national low-carbon strategy; electricity already ~90%+ low-carbon.
EU ETS — carbon price ~€50–70/tCO₂; marginal for a fleet this low-carbon.
Interconnectors
| Link | Endpoint | Capacity | Status |
|---|
Data Exports